EN--The genus Rosa, where they belong, includes about 150 native species and innumerable hybrids and cultivars. Few flowers have appreciated since ancient times to our days as the rose. Many are the myths associated with it. According to one of them, red roses sprang from the blood of Adonis, while another claims that the rose fell from her hair when combing Aura. Four thousand years ago, the Sumerians used wild rose bushes to produce rose water and essential oils, while Confucius says extensive cultivation rose to Chinese imperial gardens, at least 2,500 years before the present. In Europe rose praised by Greek poets of antiquity, and both the Romans and other peoples of the cultivated primarily for commercial purposes. The first cultivated roses came directly from "wild" plants or by crossing two species between them and usually had simple flowers, small size. Although the cultivation of roses began in ancient times, the evolution of rodokalliergeias is relatively recent. All seem to have started to change a bit after 1750 with the introduction of the first species from China, while creating new varieties became more systematic after the beginning of the 19th century.
Today, most of the roses that we cultivated in gardens are hybrids and cultivars. There are, nevertheless, some crop species, and the so-called "wild roses", which are derived from natural populations. Roses are different in appearance, they usually are climbing shrubs, flowers are simple, compact, appearing briefly in the spring. Such species are Rosa banksiae from China, with a height of up to 6 meters and double flowers of white or yellow, the Rosa gallica, one of the ancestors of cultivated roses in Europe, also Chinese Rosa chinensis that generated by consecutive intersections modern varieties roses, summer flowering Rosa moschata with very fragrant white or pink flowers and Rosa rugosa with strong spiny stems and also fragrant flowers, which occur during the summer, either individually or in small clusters.Historian & aromaticRoses are divided roughly into two very large groups, old or historical varieties and modern varieties. The old varieties are famous for the fragrance of their flowers and originally used almost exclusively for the production of rose oil and rose water. They have single or double flowers and was very popular in European gardens, before the advent of so-called "hybrid tea". The florists distinguish several groups as Gallica (derived from Rosa gallica), Damascena (derived from the hybridRosa x damascena), Centifolia or Provence (ekatofylles), Alba (white), China (Chinese), Portland, Bourbon, etc. Some of the historical varieties are relatively short, spring or summer, flowering and sometimes prolonged and repeated flowering that lasts until autumn. The fragrant flowers historical varieties used in perfumery, while the rose petals magiatikis (variety Centifolia) is sweet and the rose sugar known to us. In recent years there was still a strong interest in the cultivation of old varieties.The history of modern roses begins in 1867 with the creation of variety La France. Modern varieties are distinguished in "hybrid tea» (Hybrid Tea), the tuberose (Polyanthas) and those that have flowers in bunches (Floribundas). Arguably the "hybrid tea" is the most popular of modern roses. They have taken their name from the scent of flowers and bloom from spring to autumn. Nevertheless, the "hybrid tea" does not impress us so much because of their fragrance, lagging if you compare it with the old varieties, but with large flowers. In 1875, ie about the same time with hybrids tea, also first Multiflora varieties. The Multiflora roses are characterized by small-sized flowers, forming dense clusters at the ends of the branches. Although generally considered "successful", the polyanthus varieties always a disadvantage because of the small size of their flowers. That was perhaps the reason that prompted the Danish florist Dines Poulsen to crosscheck with "hybrid tea" and in 1907 created the first variety of roses in bunches (Floribunda or Cluster-flowered). In recent decades, the Briton David Austin, wanting to combine the flavor of old varieties with strength, durability and color range of modern, created the so-called English roses.Soil Roses grow best in loamy or calcareous, neutral or slightly acidic soils. However, some species such as Rosa rugosa, «dislike" the calcareous soils (eg red clay), preferring acidic, light soil (eg kastanochoma).Position Roses prefer full sun and open. Should not be planted next to trees, strong winds, hail and snow are particularly damaging.The surface carving carving is necessary because it achieves better aeration of the soil. It is good to place 4 to 5 times a year and is accompanied by the addition of fertilizer. Every year in late autumn or after pruning, scratch and add compost around the plants, which were covered with crushed twigs, leaves and other dead plant material.Watering Roses like regular watering, especially during dry months. We must avoid wetting the leaves and stems to avoid favoring the occurrence of diseases.Lubrication Roses need regular lubrication (every 2-3 months) with a complete fertilizer (type 12/12/17) enriched with micronutrients. Roses recommended lubricated from spring to August, while it is good to added organic matter (manure or compost). In areas with hard water (high salinity) must avoid lubrication and used only manure. After August, the roses should not be lubricated.Pruning Roses are plants that benefit from pruning. Remove all dry and weak shoots and those who are oriented toward the center of the plant giving us the shape of a cup. In climbing rose must be forming and trimming, so as to achieve the desired shape. To prolong flowering roses we must remove all dried flowers and ripe. Best time for pruning of roses is after many freezes, ie between mid-January and February. As many roses, but they bloom only once each germination period (spring or summer) should be pruned immediately after the flowering. The incisions are made over the point of formation of new shoots, which should be directed towards the outside of the plant, with a slope 45 °. The trimmer used must be sharp and smooth sections not to injure the plant us. The cut branches and leaves of a rose is not used for compost, because they may be carriers of disease. Avoid pruning very cold and very hot days when it rains or when the wind is very strong. In the old roses after pruning is good to follow moderate lubrication.Multiply Roses are propagated by seeds (seeds) with radicel, by layering, cuttings and by grafting the desired variety onto a sturdy subject. The multiplication by seeds, the plants will receive will not have the same characteristics as the parent plant.
VarietiesMarie Pavie: Variety of multifloral group that appeared in 1888. Shrub is low (0.5 m) with very rich flowering throughout the course of the growing season. The fragrant flowers are whitish with a ton of pink color, especially at the center, which gradually becomes more gentle.Kronenbourg: It belongs to the group of hybrid tea and appeared in 1965. The petals are red initially internally and externally yellowish, but gradually turns into the red fuchsia. It reaches a height of 1.5 meters and has a very rich flowering, but very little flavor.Centifolia (Ekatofylli): Variety appeared before 1596. Exceed a height of 1.5 meters. The large flowers appear in loose clusters at the ends of the stems have many petals with pale pink color and is very fragrant. It blooms in late spring.Rosa gallica «Officinalis»: Known as the "Rose of the Pharmacist" is considered one of the oldest cultivated species of rosewood. It is a shrub with a strong branch that reaches a height of 1.5 meters. The highly fragrant flowers are semi-double dark pink color initially, which gradually becomes more gentle. It blooms in late spring. Although it can be grown in warm regions, favored by cold winters.Iceberg (Scneewittchen, Snow White) belongs to the group Floribunda and first appeared in 1958. It is high, robust shrub with a long flowering season. The white flowers are very shapely with little flavor.William Shakespeare 2000: Rosewood team of English. They are medium-sized shrub, very robust and durable, rich flowering. The flowers resemble those of historic varieties, as have numerous petals and are very fragrant. Their color is a deep purple that gradually turns to dark pink. Among the most notable English purple varieties.Planting the gardenThe best time to plant roses in our garden is between November and March. The soil must be neither too wet nor too dry. If kneaded with our fingers, we must wait to dry, and if rubbed with difficulty, it is too dry and needs watering. If you plant more roses are gymnorizi, ie no ball of soil should first be soaked in a bucket for 1-2 hours.1 Depending on the size of our plant, dig a hole with a width of 40-50 cm and a depth of about 40 cm. Enrich the soil removed by opening the pit with a mixture of peat moss, leaf mold and well digested manure. Add a little of this mixture into the pit giving conical shape.2 Place the plant on top of the cone and spread well rooted. Add soil covering the point where vaccination is carried during amplification. Well watered and wait to sit out the soil.3 Add more soil to fill the well pit. The distances between the plants tions should be about 40-50 cm. If we have enough space, we plant the roses in clusters of at least 3 plants of the same variety. If the clusters are more than one, should be spaced at least 1 meter.Planting in potsIdeal months to plant roses in pots gymnorizes are March. The pot used must be large enough to better develop the root system of the plant.1 At the bottom of the pot poured some inert material (pumice or gravel) to well drained soil. We should use soil rich in nutrients, so a mixture of peat, compost, well-digested manure is best.2 Follow the same procedure with the planting of the garden. Put a little soil in the center of the pot to form a cone. Place the plant in our top of the cone and spread well rooted. Fill with soil, making sure to cover the point of vaccination.3 watered well, let the soil sit and, if necessary, make another one. If the weather has been warm (usually from mid April onwards), then it is better to choose one with rosewood ball of soil and planting it in a larger pot.DiseasesThe diseases that affect roses can be caused by fungus (mildew, black spot, mildew, rust), insects (aphids, tiger), mites (mites) and nematodes.
mildew (Podosphaera pannosa var. rosae): appears as a layer of white powder mainly on the young leaves. In more extensive infestations dust cover shoots and buds. Favored by frequent wetting and shady places. Countered by sulfuration of early spring, and if the temperature exceeds 27 degrees. Use sulfur powder or dissolved in water. The sulfuration should be repeated every 15 to 30 days or after rain.rust (Phragmidium mucronatum): the lower surface of the sheet is filled with orange projections and fallen leaves. Countered by sulfuration.chlorosis: rosewood leaves turn yellow between veins. It is a metabolic disorder, usually due to excessive presence of calcium in the soil is treated by administration of a composition of iron and adding compost or manure.mildew (Peronospora sparsa): favored in rainy periods with high relative humidity. Symptoms resembling the black staining, except that the blots have brown color and irregular shape. The mildew infect young leaves deforming them and causing their fall. Countered by using a copper compound.aphids (aphids) are insects that mainly affect the young shoots and buds of roses. Drain juices and can dry the whole plant. To combat them, dissolve two tablespoons of green soap and one tablespoon of methylated spirits in one liter of water.black staining (Diplocarpon rosae): appears as black circular spots, accompanied by yellowing and premature defoliation, which may also be total. The disease is favored by high humidity, and to prevent its spread should be removed and burned all infected plant parts.Tiger (Stephanitis piri): are small insect that sucks the leaves and causes their downfall. Appear as white spots on the upper leaf surface and black kiklidon the bottom. Treatment is the same as aphids.mites (Tetranychus sp.): is a microscopic mite with reddish brown color.The mites proliferate alarmingly in hot and dry conditions, distorting leaves and tissues forming the lower surface.